![]() Focal seizures secondary to underlying non-neurologic pathologies (e.g., infection or metabolic disturbances) are treated by correcting the underlying abnormality. If an infectious or a metabolic etiology is suspected, laboratory tests can also be helpful. Diagnosis of focal seizures begins with electroencephalography and neuroimaging. It frequently arises from hippocampal sclerosis, but may also be caused by malignancies or infections. Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of focal seizure. Focal seizures may involve altered levels of consciousness ( complex partial seizures) or evolve to secondarily generalized seizures. Symptoms depend on the location of the ictal event within the brain and may include clonic movements, as well as sensory and psychiatric symptoms. Seizures can be caused by genetic abnormalities, structural abnormalities, metabolic disturbances, tumors, or infection. In contrast, generalized seizures are characterized by abnormal neuronal activity that quickly spreads to both hemispheres of the brain. Focal (or partial) seizures are an abnormal activation of neurons confined to one cerebral hemisphere, and are best described according to whether or not consciousness and/or awareness are impaired.
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